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Planck 353 GHz 𝜏 = ± (Planck 2013 XV) Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 7 Brief history of t measurementsWMAP 9yrs: 𝜏 = ± (Hinshaw+ 2013) WMAP 9yrs + Planck 353 GHz 𝜏 = ± (Planck 2013 XV) WMAP 9yrs + Planck 353 GHz 𝜏 = ± (Planck 2018 V in pr.) Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 8 Brief history of t measurementsWMAP 9yrs: 𝜏 = ± (Hinshaw+ 2013) WMAP 9yrs + Planck 353 GHz 𝜏 = ± (Planck 2013 XV) WMAP 9yrs + Planck 353 GHz 𝜏 = ± (Planck 2018 V in pr.) Planck lowTEB (LFI) (Planck 2015 XIII) 𝜏 = ± 0.023 Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 9 Brief history of t measurementsWMAP 9yrs: 𝜏 = ± (Hinshaw+ 2013) WMAP 9yrs + Planck 353 GHz 𝜏 = ± (Planck 2013 XV) WMAP 9yrs + Planck 353 GHz 𝜏 = ± (Planck 2018 V in pr.) Planck lowTEB (LFI) (Planck 2015 XIII) 𝜏 = ± 0.023 Planck lowTEB (LFI) (Planck 2018 V in pr.) 𝜏 = ± 0.020 Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 10 Brief history of t measurementsWMAP 9yrs: 𝜏 = ± (Hinshaw+ 2013) WMAP 9yrs + Planck 353 GHz 𝜏 = ± (Planck 2013 XV) WMAP 9yrs + Planck 353 GHz 𝜏 = ± (Planck 2018 V in pr.) Planck lowTEB (LFI) (Planck 2015 XIII) 𝜏 = ± 0.023 Planck lowTEB (LFI) (Planck 2018 V in pr.) 𝜏 = ± 0.020 Planck lowE (HFI) (Planck XLVI) 𝜏 = ± 0.009 Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 11 Brief history of t measurementsWMAP 9yrs: 𝜏 = ± (Hinshaw+ 2013) WMAP 9yrs + Planck 353 GHz 𝜏 = ± (Planck 2013 XV) WMAP 9yrs + Planck 353 GHz 𝜏

– LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 21 A joint map from LFI and WMAPPreliminary LFI+WMAP The WMAP low-ell polarization likelihood can be analyzed using a map-based formalism similar for LFI. Good consistency already at the level of angular power spectrum This enables use of a joint (weighted-average by pixel) dataset U. Natale et al. in prep. Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 22 The LFI+WMAP dataset Good consistency across different Galactic masksPreliminary Good consistency across different Galactic masks Dt scatter by mask compared to simulations U. Natale et al. in prep. Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 23 t from LFI and WMAP from LFI+WMAP PreliminaryNull test is map-based, estimate has ~20% error on t (from low ell only) Includes TE (and, potentially, BB, TB, EB...) But from a pixel-based likelihood. Can be used to constrain models for which an EE spectrum-based likelihood (as HFI) in unsuited, e.g. non-isotropic cosmologies (CMB anomalies) Cosmological birefringence Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 24 Joint view of existing constraints on tL. Pagano Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 25 Conclusions and lessons learnedIn low ell polarization, LFI has provided constraints based on 70 GHz, used as baseline in 2015 and as consistency in 2018. Low ell polarization is an hard measurement. The Planck experience shows that systematic errors can arise at the level of data processing, in the interplay between calibration, map-making and component separation Validation through end-to-end simulations is an extremely important step Solving problems requires time. LFI could benefit from a well integrated team, thanks to strong links between Science Ground Segment and Science exploitation teams. Post-legacy analysis is delivering a joint pixel based dataset for LFI and WMAP, competitive in terms of noise and suitable for many non-standard analyses. Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics

In the universe is crucial for figuring out its geometry and its fate.Let's explore three possibilities for the geometry of the universe: open, closed or flat. If the density of matter in the universe is greater than the critical density, then we say our universe is closed and has a positive curvature. In a closed universe, you could set out on a journey across space, traveling in a straight line, and you'd eventually loop around and arrive back at your starting point. The positive curvature is convex rather than concave, and it would imply a universe shaped like the surface of a sphere. In a sphere, two parallel lines would not remain parallel forever; first they would diverge, and then they would converge back onto their point of origin and cross over each other.If the density of matter in the universe is less than the critical density, the geometry of the universe is described as being open and negatively curved, like the concave shape of a saddle, and quite possibly infinite in extent.But if the universe is keenly balanced so that the density of matter is equal to the critical density, then the geometry of the universe is described as being flat. A flat geometry is a Euclidean geometry, named after the ancient Greek mathematician Euclid, wherein parallel lines remain parallel and the angles of a triangle add up to 180 degrees.So which is it? NASA's Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and the European Space Agency's Planck mission have measured the matter-energy density of the universe, and both have found omega to be equal to the critical density. In other words, the universe seems to have a flat geometry.What are some possible shapes of our universe?By studying the density of matter on the cosmic microwave background (snapshots of which we can see in the squares), astronomers can determine whether the universe is open (not enough matter), flat (just enough matter), or closed (too much matter). (Image credit: NASA/WMAP Science Team)WMAP and Planck measured omega with a great deal of precision, and cosmologists are very confident that the universe is flat.

And Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 26 Extra Slides Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 27 Post legacy analysis PreliminarySeveral, ongoing post legacy activities on LFI Timeline reprocessing and improved calibration with component separation interplay is eventual goal: will take some time. Optimization of the procedure on existing timelines is already yielding results, e.g. in terms of consistency across masking U. Natale et al, in preparation Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 28 WMAP 9 year dataset The WMAP large-angle polarization likelihood can be analyzed using a map-based formalism similar for LFI Using weighted average for Ka, Q and V for CMB K-band and HFI 353 for synchrotron and dust cleaning As opposed to LFI 30 GHz and HFI 353 GHz for LFI, with CMB only from 70 GHz Good consistency already at the level of angular power spectrum This enables use of a joint (weighted-average by pixel) dataset Preliminary Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019 29 With and without TE Dt = t(TT+TE+EE) – t(TT+EE)Paolo Natoli – LFI Systematics and Impact on Science – LiteBIRD Kick Off Meeting - JAXS 1 July 2019